Using data envelopment analysis to evaluate the efficiency of creative tourism in Portugal
Keywords:
DEA, Creative Tourism, Efficiency, Tourism.Abstract
This paper presents an indicator system for evaluating Creative Tourism activities developed in four regions of Portugal through CREATOUR’s pilot projects. It is a quantitative study based on primary and secondary sources. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to evaluate the efficiency of those projects as decision-making units (DMUs). Data analysis was performed using Excel and EMS software. The results show that the overall level of tourism efficiency is relatively high, and most pilots in each region have full efficiency. However, there is still room for improvement in some of them. Based on the results of this study, Portuguese creative tourism professionals need to pay more attention to social capital and job creation as the factors that have the greatest impact on improving efficiency. This is the first study to assess the effectiveness of a pilot project in creative tourism. Therefore, the results of this study can pave the way for implementing Creative Tourism projects in other parts of the world.References
Adler, N., Friedman, L., & Sinuany-Stern, Z. (2002). Review of ranking methods in the data envelopment analysis context. European Journal of Operational Research, 140(2), 249-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(02)00068-1
Al-Ababneh, M., & Masadeh, M. (2019). Creative cultural tourism as a new model for cultural tourism. Journal of Tourism Management Research, 6(2), 109-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.31.2019.62.109.118
Ali, F., Ryu, K., & Hussain, K. (2016). Influence of experiences on memories, satisfaction and behavioral intentions: A study of creative tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(1), 85-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1038418
Banker, R., Emrouznejad, A., Bal, H., Alp, I., & Cengiz, M. A. (2013). Data Envelopment Analysis and Performance Measurement. Paper presented at the Proceedings of 11th International Conference of DEA.
Bastenegar, M., & Hassani, A. (2019). Spiritual understanding and experience in the creative tourism of gastronomy. International Journal of Tourism, Culture & Spirituality, 3(2), 43-67.
Blancas, F., Lozano-Oyola, M., González, M., Guerrero, F. M., & Caballero, R. (2011). How to use sustainability indicators for tourism planning: The case of rural tourism in Andalusia (Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 412, 28-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.066
Blancas, F. J., González, M., Lozano-Oyola, M., & Pérez, F. (2010). The assessment of sustainable tourism: Application to Spanish coastal destinations. Ecological Indicators, 10(2), 484-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.08.001
Blancas, F. J., Lozano-Oyola, M., González, M., & Caballero, R. (2016). Sustainable tourism composite indicators: A dynamic evaluation to manage changes in sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(10), 1403-1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.205.1122014
Blapp, M., & Mitas, O. (2018). Creative tourism in Balinese rural communities. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(11), 1285-1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1358701
Buchanan, R. (2015). Worlds in the making: design, management, and the reform of organisational culture. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 1(1), 5-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2015.09.003
C?lina, A., C?lina, J., & Tiberiu, I. (2017). Research regarding the implementation, development and impact of agritourism on Romania's rural areas between 1990 and 2015. Environmental Engineering & Management Journal (EEMJ), 16(1), 157-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2017.018
Chang, L.-L., F. Backman, K., & Chih Huang, Y. (2014). Creative tourism: a preliminary examination of creative tourists’ motivation, experience, perceived value and revisit intention. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(4), 401-419. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2014-0032
Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
Chesbrough, H., Lettl, C., & Ritter, T. (2018). Value creation and value capture in open innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 35(6), 930-938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12471
Choi, H. C., & Sirakaya, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1274-1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.018
Claiborne, P. (2010). Community participation in tourism development and the value of social capital. The case of Bastimentos, Bocas del Toro, Panamá. Master's thesis, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Colbert, A., Levary, R. R., & Shaner, M. C. (2000). Determining the relative efficiency of MBA programs using DEA. European Journal of Operational Research, 125(3), 656-669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00275-1
Collins, A., & Cooper, C. (2017). Measuring and managing the environmental impact of festivals: The contribution of the Ecological Footprint. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(1), 148-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1189922
De Bruin, A., & Jelin?i?, D. A. (2016). Toward extending creative tourism: participatory experience tourism. Tourism Review, 71(1), 57-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2015-0018
Dias, Á., González-Rodríguez, M. R., & Patuleia, M. (2021). Developing poor communities through creative tourism. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 19(4), 509-529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2020.1775623
Dotoli, M., Epicoco, N., Falagario, M., & Sciancalepore, F. (2015). A cross-efficiency fuzzy data envelopment analysis technique for performance evaluation of decision making units under uncertainty. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 79, 103-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2014.10.026
Duff, C., & Sumartojo, S. (2017). Assemblages of creativity: Material practices in the creative economy. Organisation, 24(3), 418-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508416687765
Duxbury, N. (2021). Catalysing creative tourism in small cities and rural areas in Portugal: The CREATOUR approach. In K. Scherf (Ed.), Creative Tourism in Smaller Communities: Place, Culture, and Local Representation. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1ks0d4d.5
Esmaeilzadeh, H., & Esmaeilzadeh, Y. (2018). Recognising effective and impressible factors on/from tourism sustainability in the coastal cities (The case study: Anzali Port). Geographic Space, 17(60), 55-77.
Ferreira, J., & Sousa, B. (2020). Experiential marketing as leverage for growth of creative tourism: a co-creative process. Advances in tourism, technology and smart systems (pp. 567-577): Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2024-2_49 Foo, Lee Yen and Othman, Mohhidin (2011) Data Envelopment Analysis to Measure Efficiency of Hotels in Malaysia. SEGi Review, 4 (1), 25-36.
Galvagno, M., & Giaccone, S. C. (2019). Mapping creative tourism research: Reviewing the field and outlining future directions. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(8), 1256-1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348019862030
Gössling, S., Hansson, C. B., Hörstmeier, O., & Saggel, S. (2002). Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism sustainability. Ecological Economics, 43(2-3), 199-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00211-2
Hjalager, A.-M. (2009). Innovations in travel medicine and the progress of tourism—Selected narratives. Technovation, 29(9), 596-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2009.05.012
Huang, C.-w. (2018). Assessing the performance of tourism supply chains by using the hybrid network data envelopment analysis model. Tourism Management, 65, 303-316. http://dx.dOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.10.013
Huang, Y., & Coelho, V. R. (2017). Sustainability performance assessment focusing on coral reef protection by the tourism industry in the Coral Triangle region. Tourism Management, 59, 510-527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.008
Jacob, D., Onadeko, S., Nelson, I., & Shotuyo, A. (2020). Evaluation of Old Oyo National Park efficiency using DEA Approach. Economic and Environmental Studies, 18(45), 193-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/ees.2018.45.12
Jurigová, Z., & Lencsésová, Z. (2015). Monitoring system of sustainable development in cultural and mountain tourism destinations. Journal of Competitiveness, 7 (1), 35-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7441/joc.2015.01.03
Karakitsiou, A., Kourgiantakis, M., Mavrommati, A., & Migdalas, A. (2020). Regional efficiency evaluation by input-oriented data envelopment analysis of hotel and restaurant sector. Operational Research, 20(4), 2041-2058. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12351-018-0406-1
Ko, T. G. (2005). Development of a tourism sustainability assessment procedure: a conceptual approach. Tourism Management, 26(3), 431-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.12.003
Lazzeretti, L., & Petrillo, C. S. (2006). Tourism local systems and networking: Routledge.
Lee, A., Legood, A., Hughes, D., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., & Knight, C. (2020). Leadership, creativity and innovation: A meta-analytic review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(1), 1-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1661837
Leonard, L. (2016). Mining and/or tourism development for job creation and sustainability in Dullstroom, Mpumalanga. Local Economy, 31(1-2), 249-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094215621875
Liu, F.-H. F., & Peng, H. H. (2008). Ranking of units on the DEA frontier with common weights. Computers & Operations Research, 35(5), 1624-1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2006.09.006
Lo Storto, C. (2013). Evaluating technical efficiency of Italian major municipalities: a Data Envelopment Analysis model. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 81, 346-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.440
Mallett, O., & Wapshott, R. (2014). Informality and employment relationships in small firms: Humour, ambiguity and straight?talking. British Journal of Management, 25(1), 118-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2012.00836.x
Martín, J. C., Mendoza, C., & Román, C. (2017). A DEA travel–tourism competitiveness index. Social Indicators Research, 130(3), 937-957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1211-3
McComb, E. J., Boyd, S., & Boluk, K. (2017). Stakeholder collaboration: A means to the success of rural tourism destinations? A critical evaluation of the existence of stakeholder collaboration within the Mournes, Northern Ireland. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(3), 286-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358415583738
McGehee, N. G., Lee, S., O'Bannon, T. L., & Perdue, R. R. (2010). Tourism-related social capital and its relationship with other forms of capital: An exploratory study. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4), 486-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287509349271
Merkel, J. (2019). ‘Freelance isn’t free.’Co-working as a critical urban practice to cope with informality in creative labour markets. Urban Studies, 56(3), 526-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018782374
Mirzaie, S., Salimi, M., & Rahimi Sarshabadrani, G. (2022). The role of sports tourism development in job creation: Providing a model. Journal of New Studies in Sport Management, 3(2), 442-451. https://doi.org/10.22103/jnssm.2022.19085.1066
MOND, C. R. A. (2007). Creative tourism New Zealand: The practical challenges of developing creative tourism. Tourism, creativity and development (pp. 167-180): Routledge.
Network, U. C. C. (2006). Towards Sustainable Strategies for Creative Tourism: Discussion Report of the Planning Meeting for 2008 International Conference on Creative Tourism. New Mexico, USA.
Núñez-Ríos, J. E., Sánchez-García, J. Y., & Tejeida-Padilla, R. (2020). Human capital management in tourism smes from a cyber-systemic approach. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 33(5), 527-559. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11213-019-09499-4
Nurmatov, R., Lopez, X. L. F., & Millan, P. P. C. (2021). Tourism, hospitality, and DEA: Where do we come from and where do we go? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 95, 102883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102883
Phucharoen, C., & Sangkaew, N. (2020). Does firm efficiency matter in the hospitality industry? An empirical examination of foreign demand for accommodation and hotel efficiency in Thailand. Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis Turístico, 27(1), 62-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JTA-08-2019-0034
Pulido-Fernández, J. I., Andrades-Caldito, L., & Sánchez-Rivero, M. (2015). Is sustainable tourism an obstacle to the economic performance of the tourism industry? Evidence from an international empirical study. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(1), 47-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.909447
Radovanov, B., Dudic, B., Gregus, M., Marcikic Horvat, A., & Karovic, V. (2020). Using a two-stage DEA model to measure tourism potentials of EU countries and Western Balkan countries: An approach to sustainable development. Sustainability, 12(12), 4903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124903
Remoaldo, P., & Cadima-Ribeiro, J. (2019). Creative tourism as a New challenge to the development of destinations: The Portuguese case study. Cultural and creative industries (pp. 81-99): Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99590-8_5
Remoaldo, P., Ghanian, M., & Alves, J. (2020). Exploring the Experience of Creative Tourism in the Northern Region of Portugal—A Gender Perspective. Sustainability, 12(24), 10408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410408 Remoaldo, P., Matos, O., Freitas, I., Gôja, R., Araújo Alves, J., Ribeiro, V., Pereira, M., & Xavier, C. (2022). An International Overview of Certified Practices in Creative Tourism in Rural and Urban Territories. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 46(8), 1545–1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348020950792
Remoaldo, P., Serra, J., Marujo, N., Alves, J., Gonçalves, A., Cabeça, S., & Duxbury, N. (2020). Profiling the participants in creative tourism activities: Case studies from small and medium sized cities and rural areas from Continental Portugal. Tourism Management Perspectives, 36, 100746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100746
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2006). Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial reproduction of culture? Tourism Management, 27(6), 1209-1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.002
Ruan, W., Li, Y., Zhang, S., & Liu, C.-H. (2019). Evaluation and drive mechanism of tourism ecological security based on the DPSIR-DEA model. Tourism Management, 75, 609-625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.06.021
Salman, D. (2010). Rethinking of cities, culture and tourism within a creative perspective. Pasos, 8(3), 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2010.08.030
SERRA, J., MARUJO, N., & DUXBURY, N. (2021). Domestic and international creative tourists in Portugal: Insights for practitioners. Creative Tourism: Activating Cultural Resources and Engaging Creative Travellers, 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243536.0004
Sharpley, R. (2020). Tourism, sustainable development and the theoretical divide: 20 years on. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(11), 1932-1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1779732
Simpson, M. C. (2008). Community benefit tourism initiatives—A conceptual oxymoron? Tourism Management, 29(1), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.005
Torres-Delgado, A., & Palomeque, F. L. (2014). Measuring sustainable tourism at the municipal level. Annals of Tourism Research, 49, 122-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.09.003
Triarchi, E., & Karamanis, K. (2017). Alternative tourism development: A theoretical background. World Journal of Business and Management, 3(1), 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/wjbm.v3i1.11198
Visbal-Cadavid, D., Mendoza, A. M., & Hoyos, I. Q. (2019). Prediction of efficiency in Colombian higher education institutions with data envelopment analysis and neural networks. Pesquisa Operacional, 39, 261-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-7438.2019.039.02.0261
Waligo, V. M., Clarke, J., & Hawkins, R. (2013). Implementing sustainable tourism: A multi-stakeholder involvement management framework. Tourism Management, 36, 342-353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.10.008
White, V., McCrum, G., Blackstock, K., & Scott, A. (2006). Indicators and sustainable tourism: Literature review. Macaulay Institute: Aberdeen, UK.
W. T. T. C. (2019). World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). URL www.wttc.org
Zhang, H., Ghoochani, O., Pan, B., & Crotts, J. (2016). A case study on the impact of personal characteristics on residents’ support for tourism development. 2016 TTRA (Travel and Tourism Research Association): Advancing Tourism Research Globally. Paper presented at the International Conference: Leading Tourism Research Innovation for Today and Tomorrow, Vail, Colorado, 15-17 June.
Zhang, J., Ji, M., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Tourism sustainability in Tibet–Forward planning using a systems approach. Ecological Indicators, 56, 218-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.04.006
Zhou, Lingxu; Tang, Jing; and Zou, Rong, (2019) "Creative tourism, Social capital, and the Transformation of Urban Villages". Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally, 39. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ttra/2019/research_papers/39
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Tourism & Management Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The journal retains published articles’ copyrights, but they are simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND), which allows individuals’ to share the relevant papers as long as authorship and publication in this journal are duly acknowledged.
