Tourism sector competitiveness in Portugal: applying Porter's Diamond

Authors

  • Cristina Estevão Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco - Escola Superior de Gestão http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2991-9139
  • Sara Nunes Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco - Escola Superior de Gestão
  • João Ferreira Universidade da Beira Interior
  • Cristina Fernandes Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco - Escola Superior de Gestão

Keywords:

Tourism, Competitiveness, Porter’s Diamond, Regional Tourism Area/Directorate, Portugal.

Abstract

The tourism sector has stood out for its enormous capacity for growth on a global scale and holding a relevant role both as a tool for the competitiveness and as a driver of regional development. This profile stems not only from its multiplier effects but also the opportunities susceptible to identification within the scope of offsetting regional disparities in growth and prosperity. The objective of this research project consists of evaluating the competitiveness of the regional areas and directorates of tourism in Portugal with the methodology applied requiring the input of primary data (a sample of 446 companies), through a questionnaire aimed at companies displaying the activities characteristic of the World Tourism Organisation satellite account. Through the application of Porter’s Diamond Model, we arrived at a conceptual model through recourse to the Partial Least Square – Path Modelling technique with the objective of analysing the relationships unfolding among the determinant variables to competitiveness in the tourism sector. Despite the results returned proving clear, we also verify that encapsulating competitiveness proves no easy task given how Portugal reports regions with simultaneously very varied and very specific characteristics.

References

Ahmed, Z. & Krohn, F. (1990). Reversing the United States Declining Competitiveness in the Marketing of International Tourism: A Perspective on Future Policy. Journal of Travel Research, 29(2), 23-29.

Alberti, F. & Giusti, J. (2012). Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Regional Competitiveness: The Motor Valley Cluster. City, Culture and Society, 3, 261–273.

Alberto, D. (2008). Modelos de Desenvolvimento Regional, in Leitão, J., Ferreira, J. and Azevedo, S., Dimensões Competitivas de Portugal – Contributos dos Territórios, Sectores, Empresas e Logística. Centro Atlântico: Vila Nova de Famalicão.

Albuquerque, M. & Godinho, C. (2001). Turismo - Diagnóstico Prospectivo, GEPE – Gabinete de Estudos e Prospectiva Económica do Ministério da Economia, Lisboa.

Arbulú, W., Lozano, J. & Rey-Maquiera, J. (2016). The Challenges of Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems Provided by Public-private Partnerships in Mature Tourist Destinations: The case of MallorcaOriginal Research Article. Waste Management, 51(May), 252-258.

Assaf, A. & Tsionas, E. (2015). Incorporating Destination Quality Into the Measurement of Tourism Performance: A Bayesian Approach. Tourism Management, 49(August), 58-71.

Baker, M., Hayzelden, C. & Sussmann, S. (1996). Can Destination Management Systems Provide Competitive Advantage? A Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Survival and Success of Destination Management Systems. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2, 1-13.

Banki, M. & Ismail, H. (2015). Understanding the Characteristics of Family Owned Tourism Micro Businesses in Mountain Destinations in Developing Countries: Evidence from Nigeria. Tourism Management Perspectives, 13(January), 18-32.

B?lan, D., Balaure, V. & Veghes, C. (2009). Travel and Tourism Competitiveness of the World‘s Top Tourism Destinations: an Exploratory Assessment. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 11(2), 979-987.

Beladi, H., Chao, C. Ee, M. & Hollas, D. (2015). Medical Tourism and Health Worker Migration in Developing Countries. Economic Modelling, 46(April), 391-396.

Bertella, G. 82016). Experiencing Nature in Animal-based Tourism. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 14(June), 22-26.

Boo, S., Busser, J. & Baloglu, S. (2009). A Model of Customer-based Brand Equity and its Application to Multiple Destinations, Tourism Management, 30, 219-231.

Botha, C., Crompton, J. & Kim, S. (1999). Developing a Revised Competitive Position for Sun/Lost City, South Africa. Journal of Travel Research, 37(4), 341-352.

Botti, L., Camprubi, R. & Torrès, O. (2008). Tourism and Regional Development: Small Bussinesses and Social Network for Competitiveness, Research Entrepreneurship and Small Business XXII, Universidade da Beira Interior: Covilhã.

Brau, R, Lanza, A. & Pigliaru, F. (2003). How Fast are the Tourism Countries Growing? The Cross-country Evidence. Nota Di Lavori 85.2003, Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection, http://www.feem.it/userfiles/attach/Publication/NDL2003/NDL2003-085.pdf, accessed in 20/05/2013.

Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the Competitive Destination of the Future, Tourism Management, 21(1), 97-116.

Cabugueira, A. (2005). A Importância Económica do Turismo. Revista Turismo e Desenvolvimento, II(2), 97-104.

Camisón, C. & Forés (2015). Is Tourism Firm Competitiveness Driven by Different Internal or External Specific Factors?: New Emprirical Evidence From Spain. Tourism Management, 477-499.

Campos, A., Mendes, J. & Albino, J. (2006). Para uma Cultura da Qualidade Total no Destino Turístico: Métodos de Diagnóstico e Estratégias de Desenvolvimento. Revista Turismo e Desenvolvimento, 5, 21-40.

Cao, Y., Wang, B., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Pan, Y., Wang, Q., Jian, D. & Deng, G. (2016), Lake macroinvertebrate assemblages and relationship with natural environment and tourism stress in Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve, China. Ecological Indicators, 62(March), 182-190

Carmichael, B. (2002). Global Competitiveness and Special Events in Cultural Tourism: the Example of the Barnes Exhibit at the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, The Canadian Geographer, 46(4), 310-325.

Carvalho, P. & Vaz, M. (2005). A Estruturação do Problema na Definição de uma Estratégia de Desenvolvimento Turístico para a Serra da Estrela – Portugal, VII Encontro Hispano-Luso de Economia Empresarial, Universidade do Algarve.

Casadesus-Masanell, R. & Ricart, J. (2010). Competitiveness: Business Model Reconfiguration for Innovation and Internationalization, Management Research: The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management, 8(2), 123-149.

Chacko, H. (1998). Positioning a Tourism Destination to Gain a Competitive Edge, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 1(2), 69-75.

Chao, C., Hazari, B., Laffargue, J., Sgro, P. & Yu, E. (2005). Tourism, Jobs, Capital Accumulation and Economy: A Dynamic Analysis, Paris-Jourdan Science Economiques, Working Paper 2005-16.

Chobanyan, A. & Leigh, L. (2006). The Competitive Advantages of Nations: Applying the “Diamond” Model to Armenia. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 1(2), 147-164.

Chin, C., Lo, M., Songan, P. & Nair, V. (2014). Rural Tourism Destination Competitiveness: A Study on Annah Rais Longhouse Homestay, Sarawak. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144(August), 35-44.

Chon, K. & Mayer, K. (1995). Destination Competitiveness Models in Tourism and Their Application to Las Vegas. Journal of Tourism Systems and Quality Management, 1(2/3/4), 227-246.

Cîrstea, ?. (2014). Travel &Tourism Competitiveness: A Study of World's Top Economic Competitive Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 15, 1273-1280.

Claveria, O. & Poluzzi, A. (2016). Positioning and Clustering of the World’s Top Tourist Destinations by Means of Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Categorical Data. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, Available online 12 February 2016.

Cong, L. (2016). A Formative Model of the Relationship Between Destination Quality, Tourist Satisfaction and Intentional Loyalty: An Empirical Test in Vietnam. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 26(March), 50-62.

Croes, R. & Kubickova, M. (2013). From Potential to Ability to Compete: Towards a Performance - Based Tourism Competitiveness Index. Journal of Destination Marketing e Management, 2, 146–154.

Cooke, P. & Morgan, K. (1998). The Associational Economy: Firms, Regions and Innovation. Oxford, OUP.

Costa, C., Rita, P. & Águas, P. (2004). Tendências Internacionais em Turismo, 2ª Edição, Grupo Lidel.

Cores, R. (2011). Measuring and Explaining Competitiveness in the Context of Small Island Destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 50(4), 431-442.

Cracolici, M. F. & Nijkamp, P. (2009). The Attractiveness and Competitiveness of Tourist Destination: A Study of Southern Italian Regions. Tourism Management, 30(3), 336-344.

Croes, R. & Kubickova, M. (2013). From Potential to Ability to Compete: Towards a Performance - Based Tourism Competitiveness Index. Journal of Destination Marketing e Management, 2, 146–154.

Crouch, G. (2007). Modelling Destination Competitiveness: A Survey and Analysis of the Impact of Competitiveness Attributes, National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication Data.

Crouch, G. & Ritchie, J. (1999). Tourism, Competitiveness, and Societal Prosperity. Journal of Business Research, 44, 137-152.

Desrochers, P. & Sautet, F. (2004). Cluster-Based Economic Strategy, Facilitation Policy and the Market Process, Review of Austrian Economics, 17(2-3), 233-245.

D‘Hauteserre, A. (2000). Lessons in Managed Destination Competitiveness: The Case of Foxwoods Casino Resort. Tourism Management, 21(1), 23-32.

Dimoska, T. &Trimcevb, B. (2012). Competitiveness Strategies for Supporting Economic Development of the Touristic Destination. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 44, 279- 288.

Dögl, C., Holtbrügge, K. & Schuster, T. (2012). Competitive Advantage of German Renewable Energy Firms in India and China: An Empirical Study Based on Porter's Diamond. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 7(2), 191-214.

Dominguez, M. (2001). Competitividade e Análise Estratéxica do Sector Turístico: Unha Primeira Aproximación á Potential Creación dun Cluster Institucional para a Mellora Competitiva da Zona Rías Baixas, Tese Doutoramento, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Espanha.

Dwyer, L. & Kim, C. (2003). Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369-414.

Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. & Rao, P. (2000a). Price Competitiveness of Tourism Packages to Australia: Beyond the Big Mac‘ Index. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 5(2), 50-56.

Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. & Rao, P. (2000b). Sectoral Analysis of Destination Price Competitiveness: An International Comparison. Tourism Analysis, 5(1), 1-12.

Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. & Rao, P. (2000c). The Price Competitiveness of Travel and Tourism: A Comparison of 19 Destinations. Tourism Management, 21(1), 9-22.

Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. & Rao, P. (2001). International Price Competitiveness of Australia‘s MICE Industry. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(2), 123-139.

Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. & Rao, P. (2002). Destination Price Competitiveness: Exchange Rate Changes versus Domestic Inflation. Journal of Travel Research, 40(Feb), 328-336.

Dwyer, L., Mellor, R., Livaic, Z., Edwards, D. & Kim, C. (2004). Attributes of Destination Competiviveness: A Factor Analysis. Tourism Analysis, 9, 91-101.

Echtner, C. & Ritchie, J. (2003). The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(1), 37-48.

ECLAC (2009). An Econometric Study of the Determinants of Tourism Competitiveness in the Caribbean. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United Nations.

Enright, M. & Newton, J. (2005). Determinants of Tourism Destination Competitiveness in Asia Pacific: Comprehensiveness and Universality. Journal of Travel Research, 43(4), 339-350.

Estevão, C., Nunes, S. & Ferreira, J. (2014). Fatores de Competitividade no Sector Hoteleiro em Portugal: Aplicação do Diamante de Porter, in Serra, F., Afonso, C. e Santos, J. (2014). TMS Conference Series (2014) - Abordagens Contemporâneas em Hotelaria e Restauração, 5-20.

Estevão, C. & Ferreira, J. (2015). A Competitividade no Sector do Turismo: Contributos, Desafios e Implicações, Editora Edioteque.

Faulkner, B., Oppermann, M. & Fredline, E. (1999). Destination Competitiveness: An Exploratory Examination of South Australia's Core Attractions. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5(2), 125-39.

Evans, N. (2016). Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Tourism Organizations: A Strategic Model Applying Service Dominant Logic and Tourism's Defining Characteristics. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18(April), 14-25.

Ferreira, J. & Estevão, C. (2009). Regional Competitiveness of a Tourism Cluster: A Conceptual Model Proposal, Tourism & Management Studies, 5, 37-51.

Go, F. &Govers, R. (2000). Integrated Quality Management for Tourist Destinations: A European Perspective on Achieving Competitiveness. Tourism Management, 21(1), 79-88.

Gomezelj, D. & Mihalic, T. (2008). Destination Competitiveness – Applying Different Models the Case of Slovenia. Tourism Management, 29, 294-307.

Hair, J., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. & Mena, J. (2012). An Assessment of the Use of Partial Least Squares Structural Eequation Modeling in Marketing Research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414-433.

Hassan, S. (2000). Determinants of Market Competitiveness in an Environmentally Sustainable Tourism Industry. Journal of Travel Research, 38(3), 239-245.

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. & Sinkovics, R. (2009). The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277–320.

Jackson, J. & Murphy, P. (2002). Tourism Destinations as Clusters: Analytical Experiences From The New World. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(1), 36-52.

Jackson, J. (2006). Developing Regional Tourism in China: The Potential for Activating Business Clusters in a Socialist Market Economy. Tourism Management, 27, 695–706.

Jackson, J., Houghton, M., Russell, R. & Triandos, P. (2005). Innovations in Measuring Economic Impacts of Regional Festivals: A Do It-YourselfKit. Journal of Travel Research, 43(May), 360-367.

Jamal, T. & Getz, D. (1996). Does Strategic Planning Pay? Lessons for Destinations from Corporate Planning Experience. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2, 59-78.

Heath, E. (2003). Towards a Model to Enhance Destination Competitiveness: a Southern African Perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 10(2), 124-141.

Hudson, S., Ritchie, J. & Timur, S. (2004). Measuring Destination Competitiveness: An Empirical Study of Canadian Ski Resorts. Tourism Hospitality Planning and Development, 1(1), 79-94.

Huybers, T. & Bennett, J. (2003). Environmental Management and the Competitiveness of Nature-Based Tourism Destinations. Environmental and Resource Economics, 24, 213-233.

Keegan, S. & Lucas, R. (2005). Hospitality to Hostility: Dealing with Low Response Rates in Postal Surveys. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24(2), 157-169.

Kim, C. & Dwyer, L. (2003). Destination Competitiveness and Bilateral Flows Between Australia and Korea. Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(2), 54-67.

Kim, S., Chun, H. & Petrick, J. (2005). Positioning Analysis of Overseas Golf Tour Destinations by Korean Golf Tourists. Tourism Management, 26(6), December 2005, 905-917.

Komppula, R. 82014). The Role of Individual Entrepreneurs in the Development of Competitiveness for a Rural Tourism Destination – A Case Study. Tourism Management, 40(February), 361-371.

Kotler, P., Bowen, J. & Markens, J. (2006). Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall International Edition.

Kozak, M. (2003). Measuring Competitive Destination Performance: A Study of Spain and Turkey. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 13(3), 83-110.

Law n.º 33/2013 of 16 May.

Lucas, R. (1999): Survey Research. In B. Brotherton (Ed.). The Handbook of Contemporary Hospitality Management Research, Chichester: Wiley, 77-95.

Malakauskaite, A. & Navickas, V. (2010). The Role of Clusters in the Formation Process of Tourism Sector Competitiveness: Conceptual Novelties. Economics and Management, 149-154.

Manhas, P., Kour, P., Bhagata, A. (2014). Silk Route in the Light of Circuit Tourism: An Avenue of Tourism Internationalization. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144(August), 143-150.

Mann, M. & Byun, S. (2011). Accessing Opportunities in Apparel Retail Sectors in India: Porter's Diamond Approach. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 15(2), 194 - 210.

Mazanec, J. (1995). Competition Among European Tourist Cities: A Comparative Analysis with Multidimensional Scaling and Self-Organizing Maps. Tourism Economics, 1(3), 283-302.

Mihalic, T. (2000). Environmental Management of a Tourist Destination: A Factor of Tourism Competitiveness. Tourism Management, 21(1), 65-78.

Moon, H., Rugman, A. & Verbeke, A. (1998). A Generalized Double Diamond Approach to the Global Competitiveness of Korea and Singapore. International Business Review, 7, 135–150.

Navickas, V. & Malakauskaite A. (2009). The Possibilities for the Identification and Evaluation of Tourism Sector Competitiveness Factors. The Economic Conditions of Enterprise Functioning, 1(61), 3744.

Omerzel, D. (2006). Competitiveness of Slovenia as a Tourist Destination. Managing Global Transitions, 4(2), 167–189.

Papatheodorou, A. (2002). Exploring Competitiveness in Mediterranean Resorts. Tourism Economics, 8(2), 133-150.

Pearce, D. (1997). Competitive Destination Analysis in Southeast Asia. Journal of Travel Research, 35(4), 16-25.

Plano Estratégico Nacional do Turismo (PENT) – Horizonte 2013-2015, aprovado pela Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 53/2007, de 15 de fevereiro.

Phillips, P. & Moutinho, L. (2014). Critical Review of Strategic Planning Research in Hospitality and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 48(September), 96-120.

Pike, S. (2012). Destination Positioning Opportunities Using Personal Values: Elicited Through the Repertory Test with Laddering Analysis. Tourism Management, 33(1), 100-107.

Porter, M. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York, NY: Free Pass.

Porter, M. (1994). Construir as Vantagens Competitivas de Portugal, Fórum para a Competitividade, Lisboa, 1ª Edição.

Porter, M. (2001). Clusters of Innovation: Regional Foundations of U.S. Competitiveness. Monitor Group. Council on Competitiveness.

Ritchie, J. & Crouch, G. (2010). A Model of Destination Competitiveness/Sustainability: Brazilian Perspectives. Brazilian Public Administration Review, 55(5), 1049-1066.

Ringle, C., Wende, S. & Becker, J. (2015). "SmartPLS 3." Boenningstedt: SmartPLS GmbH, http://www.smartpls.com. Ritchie, J. & Crouch, G. (2010). A Model of Destination Competitiveness/Sustainability: Brazilian Perspectives. Brazilian Public Administration Review, 5(5), 1049-1066.

Rodrigues, A. (2003). A Engenharia Turística como Factor de Desenvolvimento Regional: Alguns Conceitos e Aplicações, Nova Economia e Desenvolvimento Regional, Actas do IX Encontro Nacional da APDR, 1, 671-692.

Seetaram, N, Forsyth & Dwyer, L. (2016). Measuring Price Elasticities of Demand for Outbound Tourism Using Competitiveness Indices. Annals of Tourism Research, 56(January), 65-79

Sharpley, R. (2002). The Challenges of Economic Diversification Through Tourism: The Case of Abu Dhabi. International Journal Tourism Research, 4, 221-235.

Silva, J. & Silva, J. (1998). A Importância Económica do Turismo na Economia. Investigação em Turismo – Livro de Atas, 45-59.

Sinclair-Maragh, G. & Gursoy, D. (2015). Imperialism and Tourism: The Case of Developing Island Countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 50(January), 143-158.

Smit, A. (2010). The Competitive Advantage of Nations: Is Porter's Diamond Frame-work a new Theory that Explains the International Competitiveness of Countries?. Southern African Business Review, 14(1), 105–130.

Stevens, B. (1992). Price Value Perceptions of Travelers. Journal of Travel Research, 31(2), 41-48.

Soteriou, E. & Roberts, C. (1998). The Strategic Planning Process in National Tourism Organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 37(1), 21-29.

Stef?nica, M. & Butnaru, G. (2015). Research on Tourists’ Perception of the Relationship Between Tourism and Environment. Procedia Economics and Finance, 20, 595-600.

Tang, Z. (2015). An Integrated Approach to evaluating the Coupling Coordination Between Tourism and the Environment. Tourism Management, 46(February), 11-19.

Tsai, C., Horng, J., Liu, C. & Hu, D. (2015). Work Environment and Atmosphere: The Role of Organizational Support in the Creativity Performance of Tourism and Hospitality Organizations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 46(April), 26-35.

Olmos, G. (2012). Hospitality Competitiveness Measurement System. Journal of Global Business and Technology, 2(8), 29-37.

Omerzel, D. (2006). Competitiveness of Slovenia as a Tourist Destination. Managing Global Transitions, 4(2), 167–189.

Osman, H., Johns, N. & Lugosi, P. (2014). Commercial Hospitality in Destination Experiences: McDonald's and Tourists' Consumption of Space. Tourism Management, 42(June), 238-247.

Ozer, K., Latif, H., Sarusik, M. & Ergun, O. (2012). International Competitive Advantage of Turkish Tourism Industry: A Comperative Analyse of Turkey and Spain By Using The Diamond Model of M. Porter. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 1064-1076.

Petrovi?-Ran?elovi?, M. & Mileti?, D. (2012). (No) Competitiveness and Sustainable Development of Serbian Tourism. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 44, 78-87.

Rahayuningsih, T., Muntasib, E. & Prasetyo, L. (2016). Nature Based Tourism Resources Assessment Using Geographic Information System (GIS): Case Study in Bogor. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 33, 365-375.

Rodríguez, B., Molina, J., Pérez, F. & Caballero, R. (2012). Interactive Design of Personalised Tourism Routes. Tourism Management, 33(4), 926-940.

Taylor, P. (1995). Measuring Changes in the Relative Competitiveness of Package Tour Destinations. Tourism Economics, 1(2), 169-182.

Tirasattayapitak, S., Chaiyasain, C. & Beeton, R. (2015). The Impacts of Nature-based Adventure Tourism on Children in a Thai Village. Tourism Management Perspectives, 15( July), 122-127.

Tyrväinen, L., Uusitalo, M., Silvennoinen, H. & Hasu, E. (2014). Towards sustainable growth in nature-based tourism destinations: Clients’ views of land use options in Finnish Lapland. Landscape and Urban Planning, 122(February), 1-15.

Tosun, C., Dedeo?lu, B. & Fyall, A. (2015). Destination Service Quality, Affective Image and Revisit Intention: The Moderating Role of Past Experience. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(4), December, 222-234.

Vaj?nerová, I., Žiaran, P., Ryglová, K. & Andráško, I. (2014). Quality Management of the Tourist Destination in the Context of Visitors’ Satisfaction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 12, 718-724.

Vengesayi, S. (2005). Determinants and Outcomes of Tourism Destination Competitiveness and Destination Attractiveness, PhD Dissertation, Monash University.

Vila, T., Darcy, S. & Elisa, A. (2015). Competing for the Disability Tourism Market - A comparative Exploration of the Factors of Accessible Tourism Competitiveness in Spain and Australia. Tourism Management, 47, 61-272.

Wang, Y. & Krakover, S. (2008). Destination Marketing: Competition, Cooperation or Coopetition?. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(2), 126-141.

WTO, OECD, Uniteds Nation and Comission of the European Communities (2001). Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework, OECD Publishing.

UNWTO, World Tourism Organization (2015). Tourism Highlights, 2015 Edition, accessed on 17/06/2016 in http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416899.

Xu, J. & Chan, S. (2016). A New Nature-based Tourism Motivation Model: Testing the Moderating Effects of the Push Motivation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18(April), 107-110.

Zaman, K.; Shahbaz, M. Loganathan, N. & Raza, S. (2016). Tourism Development, Energy Consumption and Environmental Kuznets Curve: Trivariate Analysis in the Panel of Developed and Developing Countries. Tourism Management, 54(June), 275-283.

Zhang, J. (2016). Weighing and Realizing the Environmental, Economic and Social Goals of Tourism Development Using an Analytic Network Process-goal Programming Approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 127(July), 262-273.

Downloads

Published

31.01.2018

Issue

Section

Tourism/Hospitality: Research Papers

How to Cite

Estevão, C., Nunes, S., Ferreira, J., & Fernandes, C. (2018). Tourism sector competitiveness in Portugal: applying Porter’s Diamond. Tourism & Management Studies, 14(1), 30-44. https://www.tmstudies.net/index.php/ectms/article/view/977

Most read articles by the same author(s)