Community Based Tourism: A Global South Perspective

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.20240303

Keywords:

Community Based Tourism, Community Development, Rural Studies, Andes region, Cultural Anthropology

Abstract

The analysis of the impact of Community Based Tourism (CBT) has revealed a significant divergence in assessments. This paper aims to analyse the factors contributing to the observed "Duality Dilemma" in CBT projects. The research seeks to leave behind a simplistic binary perspective that categorises CBT solely as either beneficial or problematic. The paper identifies three key variables contributing to this dual perspective: a) the Context Variable, which displays how the outcomes of CBT projects m can vary based on the specific circumstances in which they are implemented; b) the Methodological Variable, which underlines the importance of developing long-term and longitudinal fieldwork to avoid a biased analysis based on the short-term observations; c) the Paradigm Variable which takes into account that the researcher's theoretical framework inevitably shapes their focus, potentially emphasising certain outcomes over others. Finally, the paper draws on empirical evidence based on a 30-year longitudinal ethnographic study conducted on Amantaní island (Lake Titicaca, Peruvian Andes).

Author Biographies

  • Claudio Milano, University of Barcelona

    Ramón y Cajal Senior Research Fellow at the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Barcelona. Co-Chair of the Commission on the Anthropology of Tourism of the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES) and member of the Editorial Review Board of the Annals of Tourism Research (Elsevier). His main area of specialisation is the political economy of tourism. His research delves into the dynamics of the processes of touristification, exploring how societies respond to and resist these changes through social movements and tourism policies.

  • Jordi Gascón, University of Barcelona

    PhD in Social Anthropology from the University of Barcelona. He specializes in rural studies. His fields of study are the impacts of tourism in the peasant world and agrarian policies in Latin America. Since 1990 he has done research in the Andean Area. Professor at the University of Barcelona, formerly from the University of Lleida and researcher at the Institute of Higher National Studies (IAEN) of Ecuador. He is a member of the research group Anthropology of Crisis and Contemporary Transformations CRITS-UB.

References

Asensio, R. H. (2017). Los nuevos incas: La economía política del desarrollo rural andino en Quispicanchi (2000-2010). Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.

Ashley, C. (2003). Methodology for Pro-Poor Tourism: Case Studies. PPT Working Paper Series 10.

Ashley, C. & Garland, E.B. (1994). Promoting Community-Based Tourism Development: Why, What, and How? (Research Discussion Paper, 4. Ministry of Environment and Tourism). Windhoek, Namibia.

Ashley, C., & Roe, D. (2001). Pro-poor tourism strategies. Pro-Poor Tourism briefing, 1. Greenwich: CRT, IIED, ODI.

Blackstock, K. (2005). A critical look at community-based tourism. Community Development Journal, 40(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsi005

Beltran, O., & Vaccaro, I. (2017). Los comunales en el Pirineo Central. Idealizando el pasado y reelaborando el presente. Revista de Antropología Social, 26(2), 235–257. https://doi.org/10.5209/RASO.57605

Bernard, H. R. (2017). Research methods in anthropology. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.

Bishop, M. L. (2010). Tourism as a small-state development strategy: pier pressure in the Eastern Caribbean?. Progress in Development Studies, 10(2), 99-114. https:// doi.org/10.1177/146499340901000201

Brewer, J. (2000). Ethnography. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Butler, R. (1980). The Concept of a Tourist Area Cycle of Evolution: Implications for Management of Resources. Canadian Geographer, 24(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1980.tb00970.x

Cañada, E. (2015). La comercialización del turismo comunitario en América Latina. Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos, 41, 159-189.

Cañada, E. (2020). Producción orgánica y turismo comunitario: La experiencia de ASOPROLA (Altamira de Biolley, Costa Rica). Quaderns de l’ICA, 36(2), 217-236.

CIRTACC (1991) Estudio preliminar de los recursos Agua y Suelos para el Desarrollo Integral. Distrito: Amantaní. Puno.

Cohen, E., & Cohen, S.A. (2012). Current sociological theories and issues in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 2177-2202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.07.009/

Dolezal, C. & Novelli, M. (2020. preprint). Power in community-based tourism: empowerment and partnership in Bali. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(10), 2352-2370. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1838527/

Dodds, R., Ali, A. & Galaski, K. (2018). Mobilising knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(13), 1547-1568. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1150257

Escalera-Reyes, J., & Díaz-Aguilar, A. L. (2017). El aislamiento como factor para el desarrollo del turismo de base local: Estudio de caso en el Río San Juan, Nicaragua. Gazeta de Antropología, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.30827/Digibug.44462

Fan, K. H. F., Ng, S. L., & Bayrak, M. M. (2021). Appraising the community in community-based tourism. Tourism Geographies, 25(2-3), 594-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1943702

Fleischer, A., & Tchetchik, A. (2005). Does rural tourism benefit from agriculture? Tourism Management, 26(4), 493-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.10.003

Gascón, J. (1996). La gestión de un nuevo recurso, el turismo: Conflicto y lucha por su control en los Andes. En Chamoux, Marie-Noël, y Jesús Contreras (eds.) La gestión comunal de recursos: Economía y poder en las sociedades locales de España y América Latina (pp. 307-336). Barcelona: Icaria.

Gascón, J. (2005). Gringos como en sueños: Diferenciación y conflicto campesino en los andes peruanos ante el desarrollo del turismo. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.

Gascón, J. (2013). The Limitations of Community-Based Tourism as an Instrument of Development Cooperation: The value of the Social Vocation of the Territory concept. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(5), 716-731. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.721786/

Gascón, J. (2015). Pro‐poor tourism as a strategy to fight rural poverty: A critique. Journal of Agrarian Change, 15(4), 499-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12087

Gascón, J. (2023). Understanding Agritourism: A Chayanovian Analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 103, 103674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2023.103674

Gascón, J. & Cañada, E. (2005). Viajar a todo tren: Turismo, desarrollo y sostenibilidad. Barcelona: Icaria.

Gascón, J., & Cañada, E. (2017). El mundo es finito, también para el turismo: Del multiplicador turístico al conflicto redistributivo. Oikonomics, 7, 28-34.

Gascón, J. & Martínez Mauri, M. (2017). Isleños y turistas. Propiedad comunitaria y territorialidad en sociedades indígenas. Gazeta de Antropologia, 33(1), 1-15. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/44463

Gascón, J., & Milano, C. (2018). Tourism, real estate development and depeasantisation in Latin America. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 105, 21-38. http://doi.org/10.18352/erlacs.10313

Giampiccoli, A., Jugmohan, S. & Mtapuri. O. (2014). International cooperation, community-based tourism and capacity building: Results from a Mpondoland village in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5(23), 657-667. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n23p657

Giampiccoli, A. (2020). A conceptual justification and a strategy to advance community-based tourism development. European Journal of Tourism Research, 25, 2503-2503. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v25i.418

Goodwin, H., & Santilli, R. (2009). Community-Based Tourism: A success? ICRT Occasional Paper, 11. GTZ; ICRT.

Gonzales de Olarte, E. (1994). En las fronteras del Mercado: Economía política del campesinado en el Perú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.

Guo, H., & Jordan, E. J. (2021). Social exclusion and conflict in a rural tourism community: A case study from Likeng Village, China. Tourist Studies, 22(1), 42-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/14687976211039067

Habermas, J. (1970). Technology and Science as Ideology. In J. Shapiro (Ed.) Toward a Rational Society. Boston: Beacon Press.

Hannam, K. (2002). Tourism and development I: globalization and power. Progress in development studies, 2(3), 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993402ps039pr

Harrison, D. (2008). Pro-poor Tourism: a critique. Third World Quarterly, 29(5), 851-868. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590802105983

Hummel, J. & Duim, R. van der (2012). Tourism and development at work: 15 years of tourism and poverty reduction within the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 319-338, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.663381

Iorio, M. & Corsale, A. (2014). Community-based tourism and networking: Viscri, Romania. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(2), 234-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.802327

Kim, S., & Kang, Y. (2020). Why do residents in an overtourism destination develop anti-tourist attitudes? An exploration of residents' experience through the lens of the community-based tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(8), 858-876. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1768129

Kline, C., McGehee, N., & Delconte, J. (2019). Built capital as a catalyst for community-based tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 58(6), 899-915. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518787935

Lee, H. T. & Jan, F. H. (2019). Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents' perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management, 70, 368-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003

López-Guzmán, T., Sánchez-Cañizares, S. & Pavón, V. (2011). Community-based tourism in developing countries: a case study. Tourismos, 6(1), 69-84.

Manyara, G., & Jones, E. (2007). Community-based tourism enterprises development in Kenya: An exploration of their potential as avenues of poverty reduction. Journal of sustainable tourism, 15(6), 628-644. https://doi.org/10.2167/jost723.0

Marzo-Navarro, M., Pedraja-Iglesias, M. & Vinzón, L. (2016). Development and validation of the measurement instruments of the determinant elements of integrated rural tourism. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(4), 476-496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348013503998

Mayaka, M.A., Lacey, G. & Rogerson, C.M. (2020). Empowerment process in community-based tourism: Friend relationship perspective. Development Southern Africa, 37(5): 791-808. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2020.1806783

McCall, Ch.E. & Mearns, K.F. (2021). Empowering women through Community-Based Tourism in the Western Cape, South Africa. Tourism Review International (pre-view). https://doi.org/10.3727/154427221X16098837279967

Mearns, K. (2003). Community-based tourism: the key to empowering the Sankuyo community in Botswana. Africa Insight, 33(1/2), 29-32. https://doi.org/10.4314/ai.v33i1.22307

Milano, C., & Gascón, J. (2017). Turismo y sociedad rural, o el extraño caso del doctor Jekyll y Mr. Hyde. In J. Gascón & C. Milano (Eds.) El turismo en el mundo rural ¿Ruina o consolidación de las sociedades campesinas e indígenas? (pp. 5-21). Barcelona: Pasos; FTR; Ostelea.

Mowforth, M. & Munt, I. (2015). Tourism and Sustainability: Development, Globalisation and New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge.

Murphy, P. E. (1988). Community driven tourism planning. Tourism Management, 9(2), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(88)90019-2

Netting, R. (1997). Unequal commoners and uncommon equity: Property and a community among smallholders farmers. Ecologist, 27(1), 28-33.

Nimble, N. (2019). Community-based tourism development as gendered political space: a feminist geographical perspective. Journal of Interdisciplinary Feminist Thought, 11(1), 2.

Notzke, C. (2006). The Stranger, the Native and the Land: Perspectives on Indigenous Tourism. Concord: Captus.

Nugroho, P., & Numata, S. (2020). Resident support of community-based tourism development: Evidence from Gunung Ciremai National Park, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(11), 2510-2525. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1755675

Okazaki, E. (2008). A Community-Based Tourism Model: Its Conception and Use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(5), 511-529. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580802159594

Pasanchay, K., & Schott, C. (2021). Community-based tourism homestays' capacity to advance the Sustainable Development Goals: A holistic sustainable livelihood perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37, 100784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100784

Pérez-Galán, B. & Asensio, R. (2012). Introducción. In B. Pérez-Galán & R. Asensio (Eds.) ¿El turismo es cosa de pobres? Patrimonio cultural, pueblos indígenas y nuevas formas de turismo en América Latina (pp. 1-14). Tenerife: PASOS; IEP.

Phommavong, S. & Sörensson. E. (2014). Ethnic tourism in Lao PDR: gendered divisions of labour in community-based tourism for poverty reduction. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(4), 350-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.721758

Putra, I. N. D., & Hitchcock, M. (2006). The Bali bombs and the tourism development cycle. Progress in Development Studies, 6(2), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993406ps134oa

Remy, M. I. (2005). Los múltiples campos de la participación ciudadana en el Perú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.

Ruiz-Ballesteros, E. (2011). Social-ecological resilience and community-based tourism: An approach from Agua Blanca, Ecuador. Tourism management, 32(3), 655-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.021

Ruiz-Ballesteros, E, & Brondizio, E. S. (2013). Building negotiated agreement: The emergence of community-based tourism in Floreana (Galapagos Islands). Human Organization, 72(4), 323-335. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.72.4.4767536442q23q31

Salazar, N. B. (2006). The anthropology of tourism in developing countries: A critical analysis of tourism cultures, powers and identities. Tabula Rasa, 5, 99-128.

Schellhorn, M. (2010). Development for Whom?: Social Justice and the Business of Ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903367229

Scheyvens, R. (2007). Exploring the tourism-poverty nexus. Current issues in tourism, 10(2-3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit318.0

Sherlock, K. (2001). Revisiting the concept of hosts and guests. Tourist Studies, 1(3), 271–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879760100100304

Spenceley, A. y Meyer, D. (2012). Tourism and poverty reduction: Theory and practice in less economically developed countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.668909

Stone, S.S. & Stone, T.B. (2011). Community-based tourism enterprises: challenges and prospects for community participation: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.508527

Stroebel, M. (2015). Tourism and the green economy: inspiring or averting change? Third World Quarterly, 36(12), 2225-2243. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1071658

Stronza, A. (2001). Anthropology of tourism: Forging new ground for ecotourism and other alternatives. Annual Review of Anthropology, 30(1), 261-283. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.261

Su, B. (2011). Rural tourism in China. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1438–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.12.005

Torres, R., & Momsen, J. H. (2004). Challenges and potential for linking tourism and agriculture to achieve pro-poor tourism objectives. Progress in Development Studies, 4(4), 294-318. https://doi.org/10.1191/1464993404ps092oa

Zorn, E. (2004). Weaving a future: tourism, cloth, and culture on an Andean island. Iowa: University of Iowa Press.

Zorn, E. & Farthing, L. C. (2007). Communitarian Tourism: Hosts and Mediators in Peru. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(3), 673–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.02.002

Xue, L., & Kerstetter, D. (2019). Rural tourism and livelihood change: An emic perspective. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(3), 416-437. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348018807289

Zapata, M.J., Hall, C.M. & Lindo, P. (2013). Can community-based tourism contribute to development and poverty alleviation?. In J. Saarinen, C.M. Rogerson & H. Manwa (Eds.) Tourism and the Millennium Development Goals (pp. 106-130). Routledge.

Zielinski, S., Jeong, Y., & Milanés, C. B. (2021). Factors that influence community-based tourism (CBT) in developing and developed countries. Tourism Geographies, 23(5-6), 1040-1072. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1786156

Downloads

Published

24.04.2024

Issue

Section

Applied Cultural Studies: Research Papers

How to Cite

Milano, C., & Gascón, J. (2024). Community Based Tourism: A Global South Perspective. Tourism & Management Studies, 20(3), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.20240303

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>