Gay domestic tourists’ motivation: The case of Bali
Keywords:
Bali, Gay tourism, Satisfaction, Tourist Motivations, QuantitativeAbstract
Building upon existing literature on gay tourism, gay tourist motivation,
and homosexuality, this article explores the primary determinants of
motivation to travel for gay tourists in a conservative market and their
satisfaction with Bali, an Asian and peripheral destination. The study
aims to provide valuable insights for destination marketers and
stakeholders in Indonesia, enabling them to develop improved
marketing strategies tailored to this niche tourism market. A
quantitative approach was employed, utilizing self-administered
questionnaires distributed among gay tourists in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Descriptive and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to
analyze the experiences of 150 gay domestic tourists in Bali, Indonesia,
as a tourist destination. The findings identified escape, experience, and
peace as significant factors influencing gay tourists' satisfaction, while
friendliness, venue, beach, nightlife, and natural beauty were identified
as destination attributes impacting holiday satisfaction. These findings
contribute to the existing body of literature on gay tourism, particularly
within the Asian context, and provide valuable insights for destination
managers and marketers seeking a deeper understanding of this niche
market segment.
References
Abdillah, Y., Supriono, S., & Supriyono, B. (2022). Change and innovation
in the development of Balinese dance in the garb of special interest
tourism. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 2076962.
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2076962
Alegre, J., & Garau, J. (2010). Tourist satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 52-73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.07.001
Apostolopoulou, E. N. (2016). Gay and lesbian tourism-in search of gay
space? Tourismos, 11(3), 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.26215/tourismos.v11i3.478
Babolian Hendijani, R., Sambasivan, M., Ng, S. I., & Boo, H. C. (2013).
Effect of gastronomy experience on overall satisfaction: Differences
between backpackers and mass tourists in Malaysia. In N. S. Imm, H.
Hassan, & L. S. Ling (Eds.), Readings on hospitality and tourism issues
(pp. 107-123). McGraw Hill.
Bailey, E. G. (2021). Is gay tourism more than tourism? A case study of
Puerto Vallarta, MX. Humanity & Society, 1(1), 1-17.
https://doi.org/10.1177/01605976211014013
Berezan, O., Raab, C., Krishen, A. S., & Love, C. (2015). Loyalty runs
deeper than thread count: An exploratory study of gay guest
preferences and hotelier perceptions. Journal of Travel & Tourism
Marketing, 32(8), 1034-1050.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.958209
Bomkes, T. (2011). Strategies for the growing market segment of gay
and lesbian tourism: Lessons learned from the first moves. In R.
Conrady, & M. Buck (Eds.), Trends and issues in global tourism (pp. 187-
. Springer.
Campbell, C. K., Hammack, P. L., Gordon, A. R., & Lightfoot, M. A. (2022).
“I was always trying to figure it out… on my own terms”: Structural
barriers, the Internet, and sexual identity development among lesbian,
gay, bisexual, and queer people of different generations. Journal of
Homosexuality, 1-23.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2071136
Carolan, B. (2007). Irish gay men and tourism: Behaviours and
motivations. Paper presented at the 3rd Annual Conference on Tourism
and Hospitality, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Ireland.
Caruana, R. (2017). Queer destinations in the Mediterranean. Master’s
thesis, University of Malta. Retrieved from
https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/26073
Chan, C. S. (1997). Don’t ask, don’t tell, don’t know: The formation of a
homosexual identity and sexual expression among Asian American
lesbians. In B. Greene (Ed.), Ethnic and cultural diversity among lesbians
and gay men (pp. 240–248). Sage.
Clift, S., & Forrest, S. (1999). Gay men and tourism: Destinations and
holiday motivations. Tourism Management, 20(5), 615-625.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00032-1
Cohen, E. (2010). Tourism, leisure, and authenticity. Tourism Recreation
Research, 35(1), 67-73.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2010.11081620
Cox, M. (2001). Gay holidaymaking: A study of tourism and sexual
culture. Doctoral dissertation, University of London.
Dann, G. M. (1981). Tourist motivation: An appraisal. Annals of Tourism
Research, 8(2), 187-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-
(81)90082-7
Devall, W. (1979). Leisure and lifestyles among gay men: An exploratory
essay. International Review of Modern Sociology, 9(2), 179-195.
Egger, I., Lei, S. I., & Wassler, P. (2020). Digital free tourism: An
exploratory study of tourist motivations. Tourism Management, 79,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104098
Erickson, T. (2012). How mobile technologies are shaping a new
generation. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 20 May 2022 from
https://hbr.org/2012/04/the-mobile-re-generation
Fimiani, R. (2014). The role of gay spaces for a gay destination: Gay
tourism in Gran Canaria. Master’s thesis, Dalarna University. Retrieved
May2022 from http://www.divaportal.
org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A714079&dswid=-9223
Fodness, D. (1994). Measuring tourist motivation. Annals of Tourism
Research, 21(3), 555-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-
(94)90120-1
Goeldner, C. R., & Ritchie, J. B. (2012). Tourism: Principles, practices,
philosophies (12th Eds.). Wiley.
Guaracino, J. (2007). Gay and lesbian tourism: The essential guide for
marketing. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Guaracino, J., & Salvato, E. (2017). Handbook of LGBT tourism and
hospitality: A guide for business practice. Columbia University Press.
Gunara, S., Setiawan Susanto, T., & Cipta, F. (2022). The authenticity of
music culture of Kampung Naga and Cikondang Indigenous people,
West Java, Indonesia. AlterNative: An International Journal of
Indigenous Peoples, 18(1), 26-36.
https://doi.org/10.1177/11771801221084517
Handcock, M. S., & Gile, K. J. (2011). Comment: On the concept of
snowball sampling. Sociological Methodology, 41(1), 367-371.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2011.01243.x
Hanman, N. (2005). Growing up with the wired generation. The
Guardian, 10 November. Retrieved 14 March 2022 from
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/nov/10/newmedia.
media
Hartal, G., & Sasson-Levy, O. (2019). The progressive orient: Gay
tourism to Tel Aviv and Israeli ethnicities. Environment and Planning C:
Politics and Space, 39(1), 1-19.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654419862819
Hattingh, C., & Bruwer, J. P. (2020). Cape Town’s gay village: From
“gaytrified” tourism Mecca to “heterosexualised” urban space.
International Journal of Tourism Cities, 6(4), 907-928.
https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-10-2019-0193
Hattingh, C., & Spencer, J. P. (2020). Homosexual not homogeneous: A
motivation-based typology of gay leisure travelers holidaying in Cape
Town, South Africa. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(6), 768-792.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1555393
Hattingh, C., Spencer, J. P., & Venske, E. (2011). Economic impact of
special interest tourism on Cape Town: A case study of the 2009 Mother City queer project: Sport and tourism. African Journal of Physical Health
Education, Recreation and Dance, 17(3), 380-398.
Hendijani, R. B. (2018). Tourists’ motivations to choose Indonesia as a
vacation destination. Journal of Environmental Management and
Tourism, 4(28), 707-713. https://doi:10.14505/jemt.v9.4(28).03
Herrera, S. L., & Scott, D. (2005). “We gotta get out of this place!”
Leisure travel among gay men living in a small city. Tourism Review
International, 8(3), 249-262.
https://doi.org/10.3727/154427205774791564
Hibbert, J. F., Dickinson, J. E., Gössling, S., & Curtin, S. (2013). Identity
and tourism mobility: An exploration of the attitude–behaviour gap.
Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(7), 999-1016.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.826232
Holcomb, B., & Luongo, M. (1996). Gay tourism in the United States.
Annals of Tourism Research, 23(3), 695-726.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00090-9
Howe, A. C. (2001). Queer pilgrimage: The San Francisco homeland and
identity tourism. Cultural Anthropology, 16(1), 35-61.
Hughes, G. (1999). Urban revitalisation: The use of festive time
strategies. Leisure Studies, 18, 119–135.
https://doi.org/10.1080/026143699374998
Hughes, H. L. (1997). Holidays and homosexual identity. Tourism
Management, 18(1), 3-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-
(96)00093-3
Hughes, H. L. (2002a). Gay men’s holidays: Identity and inhibitors. In S.
Clift, M. Luongo, & C. Callister (Eds.), Gay tourism: Culture, identity, and
sex (pp. 174-190). Continuum.
Hughes, H. L. (2002b). Gay men’s holiday destination choice: A case of
risk and avoidance. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(4),
-312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.382
Hughes, H. L. (2005). A gay tourism market: Reality or illusion, benefit
or burden? Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 5(2-
, 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1300/J162v05n02_04
Hughes, H. L. (2006). Pink tourism: Holidays of gay men and lesbians.
CABI.
Hughes, H. L., & Deutsch, R. (2010). Holidays of older gay men: Age or
sexual orientation as decisive factors? Tourism Management, 31(4),
-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.04.012
Hughes, H. L., Monterrubio, J. C., & Miller, A. (2010). Gay tourists and
host community attitudes. International Journal of Tourism Research,
(6), 774-786. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.792
Hughes, M. (2004). Privacy, sexual identity, and aged care. Australian
Journal of Social Issues, 39(4), 381–392.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2004.tb01189.x
Indonesia Investments. (2016). Tourism industry Indonesia, 16
December. Retrieved 20 April 2022 from https://www.indonesiainvestments.
com/business/industries-sectors/tourism/item6051
Jakarta Globe. (2018). Anti-gay hostility threatens Indonesia’s AIDS
battle: Activists. Retrieved 20 April 2022 from
https://jakartaglobe.id/news/anti-gay-hostility-threatens-indonesiasaids-
battle-activists/
Jordan, P. (2018). Handbook on the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender,
and queer (LGBTQ) travel segment. European Travel Commission.
Kim, S. S., & Lee, C. (2002). Push and pull relationships. Annals of
Tourism Research, 5(6), 257-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-
(01)00043-3
Klenosky, D. B. (2002). The ‘pull’ of tourism destinations: A means-end
investigation. Journal of Travel Research, 40(4), 385-395.
https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750204000405
Köllen, T., & Lazar, S. (2012). Gay tourism in Budapest: An exploratory
study on gay tourists’ motivational patterns for traveling to Budapest.
American Journal of Tourism Management, 1(3), 64-68.
https://doi.org/10.5923/j.tourism.20120103.01
Kong, T. S. (2017). Sex and work on the move: Money boys in postsocialist
China. Urban Studies, 54(3), 678-694.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016658411
Kumar, N., Minichiello, V., Scott, J., & Harrington, T. (2017). A global
overview of male escort websites. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(12),
-1744. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1265356
Lackey, N. R., & Wingate, A. L. (1998). The pilot study: One key to
research success. Sage.
Law, B. (2014). Gaysia: Adventures in the queer east. Cleis Press.
Leach, K. (2017). An exploration of the travel motives of gay tourists
(Doctoral dissertation). Cardiff Metropolitan University, Wales.
Lewis, C., Mehmet, M., & McLaren, S. (2023). ‘A lot of gay energy in the
city’: An identity-based exploration of leisure travel to domestic cities
for rural queer people in Australia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism
Management, 54, 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.12.001
Lewis, C., Prayag, G., & Pour, S. (2021). Linking travel motives to identity
and travel behavior of the Australian LGBT market during COVID-19.
Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(7), 725-741.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1985039
Liu, H., & Chen, R. (2010). Travel behaviour investigation among the
post 80s lesbians. Modern Business, 29, 130–131.
Liu, X., Fu, X., Yuan, Y., Li, Z., & Suknuch, C. (2023). Understanding gay
tourists’ involvement and loyalty towards Thailand: The perspective of
motivation-opportunity-ability. Journal of Vacation Marketing,
https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667221147318
Lucena, R., Jarvis, N., & Weeden, C. (2015). A review of gay and lesbian
parented families’ travel motivations and destination choices: Gaps in
research and future directions. Annals of Leisure Research, 18(2), 272-
https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2015.1040038
Madinga, N. W., van Eyk, M., & Amoah, F. (2022). LGBT tourism in South
Africa: The influence of customer value on behavioural intention.
Current Issues in Tourism, 1-15.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2070458
Mahadeen, E. (2021). Queer counterpublics and LGBTQ pop-activism in
Jordan. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 48(1), 78-93.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2021.1885850
Marietta, Jr., D. (1997). Philosophy of sexuality. Routledge.
Markwell, K., & Waitt, G. (2009). Festivals, space and sexuality: Gay
pride in Australia. Tourism Geographies, 11(2), 143-168.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680902827092
Melian-Gonzalez, A., Moreno-Gil, S., & Arana, J. E. (2011). Gay tourism
in a sun and beach destination. Tourism Management, 32(5), 1027-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.08.015
Merriam-Webster (2020). Gay. Retrieved 15 March 2022 from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gay
Mollman, S. (2016). The ugly rise of anti-LGBT sentiment in Indonesia
threatens Bali tourism. Retrieved 20 March 2022 from
http://qz.com/620101/the-ugly-riseof-anti-lgbt-sentiment-inindonesia-
threatens-bali-tourism/
Monaco, S. (2022). LGBT tourist decision-making and behaviours: A
study of Millennial Italian tourists. International Journal of Sociology
and Social Policy, 42(13/14), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-05-
-0112
Monterrubio, C. J. (2009). Identity and sex: Concurrent aspects of gay
tourism. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of
Tourism, 4(2), 155–167.
Monterrubio, C., & Barrios-Ayala, M. (2015). Holiday motivations:
Conversations with lesbians in Mexico. International Journal of Tourism
Sciences, 15(1-2), 22-29.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2015.1118873
Monterrubio, C., Mendoza-Ontiveros, M. M., Rodríguez Madera, S. L.,
& Pérez, J. (2021). Tourism constraints on transgender individuals in
Mexico. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21(4), 433-446.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358420948564
Nash, C. J. (2013). The age of “post-mo”? Toronto’s gay village and a
new generation. Geoforum, 49, 243-252.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.11.023
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd Eds.).
McGraw-Hill.
Ong, F., Vorobjovas-Pinta, O., & Lewis, C. (2022). LGBTIQ+ identities in
tourism and leisure research: A systematic qualitative literature review.
Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(7), 1476-1499. https://doi:
1080/09669582.2020.1828430
Out Now. (2015). New research: LGBT travel - Where will gays and
lesbians holiday in 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2022 from
https://www.outnowconsulting.com/latest-updates/presscentre/
new-research-lgbt-travel-where-will-gays-and-lesbians-holidayin-
aspx
Out Now Global. (2016). LGBT2030. Retrieved 16 March 2022 from
Petruzzella, A., Allan, T., & Lavner, J. (2022). Gay men’s engagement
with a gay campground community in the rural southern United States.
Leisure Sciences, 1-19.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2022.2096731
Plog, S. C. (2005). Targeting segments: More important than ever in the
travel industry. In W.F. Theobald (Eds.), Global tourism (pp. 271-293).
Elsevier Science.
Poria, Y., & Taylor, A. (2002). “I am not afraid to be gay when I’m on the
net”: Minimising social risk for lesbian and gay consumers when using
the Internet. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 11(2-3), 127-142.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v11n02_07
Pritchard, A., Morgan, N. J., Sedgley, D., & Jenkins, A. (1998). Reaching
out to the gay tourist: Opportunities and threats in an emerging market
segment. Tourism Management, 19(3), 273-282.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)80016-2
Pritchard, A., Morgan, N. J., Sedgley, D., Khan, E., & Jenkins, A. (2000).
Sexuality and holiday choices: Conversations with gay and lesbian
tourists. Leisure Studies, 19(4), 267-282.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360050118832
Ram, Y., Kama, A., Mizrachi, I., & Hall, C. M. (2019). The benefits of an
LGBT-inclusive tourist destination. Journal of Destination Marketing &
Management, 14, 100374.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100374
Retnam, S. (2012). Travel behaviour among Malaysian gays: A
comparison between Malay, Indian, and Chinese ethnicities.
Unpublished Master of Business Administration dissertation, University
of Malaya, Malaysia.
Rink, B. M. (2013). Que(e)rying Cape Town: Touring Africa’s “gay
capital” with the pink map. In J. Sarmento, & E. Brito-Henriques (Eds.),
Tourism in the global south: Landscapes, identities, and development
(pp. 65-90). Lisbon: Centre of Geographical Studies.
Rivera, M. A., & Lee, S. H. (2012). Economic impacts of gay tourism on a
destination. Paper presented at the 4th Asia-Euro Conference, Subang,
Malaysia.
Ro, H., & Khan, M. (2022). The impact of LGBT friendliness on sexual
minority customers’ perceptions and intentions to stay. International
Journal of Hospitality Management, 102, 103181.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103181
Ro, H., Olson, E. D., & Choi, Y. (2017). An exploratory study of gay
travelers: Socio-demographic analysis. Tourism Review, 72(1), 15-27.
https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2016-0011
Sanders, D. (2002). Some say Thailand is a gay paradise. In S. Clift, M.
Luongo, & C. Callister (Eds.), Gay tourism: Culture, identity and sex (pp.
-62). Continuum.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business. Wiley.
Sien Leong, L., Hussin, S. R., & Abdullah, N. H. (2022). Why not travel to
Malaysia? Perspectives of future senior tourists toward senior-friendly
destination attributes. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality &
Tourism, 24(1), 75-100.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2021.2024108
Silva, S., & Vareiro, L. (2020). Residents’ perceived impacts on LGBT
tourism: A cluster analysis. International Conference on Tourism,
Technology, and Systems (pp. 207-222). Springer.
Southall, C., & Fallon, P. (2011). LGBT tourism. In P. Robinson, S.
Heitmann, & P. Sieke (Eds.), Future research for tourism (pp. 218-232).
CABI.
Statham, P., & Scuzzarello, S. (2021). Transgender Kathoey and gay men
using tourist-zone scenes as ‘social opportunities’ for
nonheteronormative living in Thailand. Gender, Place, & Culture, 1-28.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2021.1997937
Subyubon, P., Thongrom, P., Tiwasing, A., & Chaya, P. (2022). Chinese
LGBT tourist motivation traveling to Bangkok. International Journal of
Early Childhood, 14(1), 1933-1942.
Sudman, S. (1976). Applied sampling. Academic Press.
Suroyo, G., & Greenfield, C. (2014). Strict sharia forces gays into hiding
in Indonesia’s Aceh. Retrieved 25 May 2022 from
https://news.yahoo.com/strict-sharia-forces-gays-hiding-indonesiasaceh-
html
Sutrisno, B. (2018). Bedroom bill: Proposed ‘family resilience’ law would
require LGBT people to report for ‘rehabilitation’. The Jakarta Post, 19
February. Retrieved 15 March 2022 from
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/02/19/bedroom-billproposed-
family-resilience-law-would-require-lgbt-people-to-reportfor-
rehabilitation.html
Talwar, S., Dhir, A., Kaur, P., & Mäntymäki, M. (2020). Barriers toward
purchasing from online travel agencies. International Journal of
Hospitality Management, 89, 102593.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102593
The Jakarta Post. (2017). Bali declared world’s top destination for 2017.
Retrieved 25 March 2022 from
https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/04/24/bali-declaredworlds-
top-destination-for-2017.html
Therkelsen, A., Blichfeldt, B. S., Chor, J., & Ballegaard, N. (2013). ‘I am
very straight in my gay life’: Approaching an understanding of lesbian
tourists’ identity construction. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19(4),
-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766712474449
Trihas, N. (2018). Travel motivations, preferences, and perceptions of
Greek gay men and lesbians. Tourism Today, 17, 7-26.
UNWTO. (2008). International recommendations for tourism statistics
Retrieved 25 March 2022 from
http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/docpdf/glossarye
nrev.pdf.
UNWTO. (2017). Second global report on LGBT tourism. Retrieved 25
March 2022 from
http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/lgtb_report_compressed_0.
Usai, R., Cai, W., & Wassler, P. (2022). A queer perspective on
heteronormativity for LGBT travelers. Journal of Travel Research, 61(1),
-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520967763
Visser, G. (2014). Urban tourism and the de-gaying of Cape Town’s De
Waterkant. Urban Forum, 25, 469-482.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-014-9237-1
Vorobjovas-Pinta, O.. (2021). Gay tourism: New perspectives. Channel
View Publications.
Vorobjovas-Pinta, O., & Hardy, A. (2014). Rethinking gay tourism: A
review of literature. Paper presented at CAUTHE 2014: Tourism and
Hospitality in the Contemporary World: Trends, Changes and
Complexity, the University of Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia. Retrieved
March 2022 from http://ecite.utas.edu.au/96033/2/96033%20-
%20Rethinking%20Gay%20Tourism.pdf
Vorobjovas-Pinta, O., & Hardy, A. (2016). The evolution of gay travel
research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(4), 409-416.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2059
Waitt, G., & Markwell, K. (2006). Gay tourism: Culture and context (1st
ed.). Psychology Press.
Waitt, G., & Markwell, K. (2014). Gay tourism: Culture and context (2nd
Eds.). Routledge.
Walden, M. (2018). Bali beauty pageant signals renewed anti-LGBT
crackdown. VOA News, 20 October. Retrieved 26 April 2022 from
https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/bali-beauty-pageantsignals-
renewed-anti-lgbt-crackdown
Want, P. (2002). Trouble in paradise: Homophobia and resistance to gay
tourism. In S. Clift, M. Luongo, & C. Callister (Eds.), Gay tourism: Culture,
identity, and sex (pp. 191-213). Continuum.
Webster, R., & Drury-Smith, H. (2021). How can we meet the support
needs of LGBT cancer patients in oncology? A systematic review.
Radiography, 27(2), 633-644.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2020.07.009
Wilke, M., & Kleiber, D. (1992). Sexual behaviour of gay German (sex)
tourists in Thailand. Poster session presented at the VI International
AIDS Conference/III STD World Congress, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Wonderful Indonesia. (2019). 24 hours guide for first timer in Bali.
Retrieved 22 April 2022 from https://www.indonesia.travel/gb/en/tripideas/
-hours-guide-for-first-timer-in-bali
Wong, S. (2008). Cosmopolitan consumption of sexualized space.
Master’s thesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Retrieved
from http://hdl.handle.net/10722/55106
Wong, C. C. L., & Tolkach, D. (2017). Travel preferences of Asian gay
men. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(6), 579-591.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1308396
Wu, H. C., Ai, C. H., & Chang, Y. Y. (2021). What drives experiential
persistence intentions: The case of gay tourism. Journal of China
Tourism Research, 18(4), 1-27.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2021.1904078
Yang, E. C. L., & Ong, F. (2020). Redefining Asian tourism. Tourism
Management Perspectives, 34, 100667.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100667
Y?lmaz, B., Irmak, A., & Oskay, Ü. (2022). Changes in sexual intentions of
LGBT people and their adaptation to social life. Perspectives in
Psychiatric Care, 58(4), 1248-1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12922
Yu, T. F. (2020). Reconfiguring queer Asia as disjunctive modernities:
Notes on the subjective production of working-class gay men in Hong
Kong. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(6), 863-884.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1560126
Zhou, P. P., Wu, M. Y., Filep, S., & Weber, K. (2021). Exploring well-being
outcomes at an iconic Chinese LGBT event: A PERMA model
perspective. Tourism Management Perspectives, 40, 100905.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100905
Zikmund, W. G. (1997). Exploring marketing research. Dryden Press.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Tourism & Management Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The journal retains published articles’ copyrights, but they are simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND), which allows individuals’ to share the relevant papers as long as authorship and publication in this journal are duly acknowledged.
