Designing and evaluating tourism experiences in senior mobility: An application of the OEC framework
Keywords:
Senior tourism, social tourism, senior experiences, motivations, OEC model, tourism experiencesAbstract
This research was developed in the frame of the VOLTO JÁ Project, which aims to implement a senior social exchange program in Portugal, among social economy organizations to promote tourism experiences for the elderly. The main goal of the research is to present a three-stage model of designing and evaluating tourism experiences in senior mobility, named as the OEC Model. This model was established based on a set of data collection instruments, which were chosen according to the goals of each stage of the process, in the context of the VOLTO JÁ Project. The results of stage one and three of the model considered as a more integrated approach on designing and evaluating senior tourism experiences are presented. The findings highlight the importance of a pre-stage in what concerns organizing the tourism experience (supply perspective); and a post-stage assessing senior´s perceptions after the experience (demand perspective).References
Alén, E., Dominguéz, T. & Losada, N. (2012). New opportunities for the
tourism market: Senior tourism and accessible tourism. In Kasimoglu,
Murat. Visions for global tourism industry – creating and sustaining
competitive strategies (pp. 139-166). Croatia: Intech.
Amaral, M., & Rodrigues, A. (2019). The importance of social media for
the improvement of the tourist experience offered by rural tourism
enterprises: the case of the Alentejo. In: Celia Ramos, Cláudia Almeida,
& Paula Fernandes (Eds). Handbook of Research on Social Media
Applications for the Tourism and Hospitality Sector, (pp. 309-333).
Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Amaral, M., Oliveira, S., Leal, S., Rodrigues, A., Vivas, C., Barradas, C., …
Santos, C. (2019). Volto Já: Um Modelo de Negócio na área do Turismo
Social de Intercâmbio Sénior. Comunication presented at III
International Forum on Management, 01-02 Februrary 2019,
Universidade de Évora. In Book of Proceedings (pp. 151-158), retrieved
10.2020 from https://www.ifm2019.pt/?page=progSocial
Bardin, L. (2009). Análise de conteúdo. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Batra, A. (2009). Senior pleasure tourists: examination of their
demography, travel experience and travel behavior upon visiting the
Bangkok Metropolis. International Journal of Hospitality &
Tourism Administration, 10 (3), 197-212.
Carneiro, M. J., Eusébio, C., Kastenholz, E., & Alvelos, H. (2013).
Motivations to participate in social tourism programmes: a
segmentation analysis of the senior market. Anatolia: An International
Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 24 (3), 352-366.
Cavaco, C. (2009). Turismo Sénior: perfis e práticas. Journal of Tourism
Studies nº 02, Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, Retrieved from
http://hdl.handle.net/10437/1875
Cooper, C., Fletcher. J., Gilbert, D., Fyall, A., & Wanhill, S. (2005).
Tourism: Principles and Practice, Edexcel.
Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry (European
Commission) (2011). Calypso means tourism for all. Paper 978-92-79-
-0. 10.2769/19445. NB-30-11-121-EN-C, Published: 2011-05-26,
Retrieved 15.10.2020 from https://op.europa.eu/en/publicationdetail/-/publication/a1887a07-91be-4ac5-b190-
bc/language-en
Fakeye, P.C. & Crompton, J.L. (1991). Image differences between
prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the lower Rio Grande
Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10-16.
Ferreira, H. C., & Tomé, M. (2014). Turismo comunitário: possibilidades
de inclusão social pelo turismo. In C. Costa, B. Filipa, & R. &. Costa,
Turismo nos Países Lusofonos: Conhecimento, Estratégia e Territórios
(pp. 205-216). Lisboa, Portugal: Escolar Editora.
Gunn, A.C. (1972). Vacationscape: Designing Tourist Regions. USA:
University of Texas.
Hankinson, G. (2004). The brand Images of tourism destination: a study
of the saliency of organic images. Journal of Product & Brand
Management, 13(1), 6-14.
Hsieh, H., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative
content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15, 1277-1288.
Huber, D., Milne, S., & Hyde, K.F. (2018). Constraints and facilitators for
senior tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 27, 55-67.
Hwang, J. & Junghoon (Jay) Lee (2018). Relationships among senior
tourists’ perceptions of tour guides’ professional competencies,
rapport, satisfaction with the guide service, tour satisfaction, and word
of mouth. Journal of Travel Research, 58(8), 1331-1346
Kim, H., Woo, E. & Uysal, M. (2015). Tourism experience and quality of
life among elderly tourist. Tourism Management, V.46, 465-476.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.002
Kim, J., Wei, S., & Ruys, H. (2003). Segmenting the market of West
Australian senior tourists using an artificial neural network. Tourism
Management, 24(1), 25-34.
Kozak, M. (2001). Comparative assessment of tourist satisfaction with
destinations across two nationalities. Tourism Management, 22(4),
-401.
Le Serre, D. (2008). Who is the senior consumer? In International
Congress “Marketing Trends” Venice, 17th-19th January 2008, Veneza,
Italy.
Lewis, C., & D’Alessandro S. (2019). Understanding why: Push-factors
that drive rural tourism amongstsenior travelers. Tourism Management
Perspectives, 32, 100574, 1-10.
Lima, J. (2017). Turismo Social: Turismo para todos e da
responsabilidade de todos, Publituris 2017. Retrieved 10.10.2020 from
https://www.publituris.pt/2017/05/05/joana-lima-turismo-socialturismo-da-responsabilidade/
Lopes, A. (2018). Turismo senior: hábitos, motivações e necessidades doturista
senior contemporâneo. Masters Dissertation,Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra,
Escola Superior de Educação, Retrieved 14.09.2020 from
https://comum.rcaap.pt/bitstream/10400.26/28075/1/ANTONIO_LOPES.pdf
Mayring, P. (2000) Qualitative content-analysis. Forum Qualitative
Social Research, 1 (2). Retrieved 14.10.2020 from http://www.qualitativeresearch.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1089/2385
Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications
in education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
Moniz A.I., Medeiros T., Silva O. & Ferreira J. (2020) The effects of senior
tourists’ characteristics on travel motivation. In: Rocha Á., Abreu A., de
Carvalho J., Liberato D., González E., Liberato P. (eds) Advances in
Tourism, Technology and Smart Systems. Smart Innovation, Systems
and Technologies, vol 171. Singapore: Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2024-2_37
Nella, A. & Christou, E. (2016). Extending tourism marketing:
Implications for targeting the senior tourists’ segment. Journal of
Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 2 (1), 36-42.
Nikitina & Vorontsova (2015) Aging population and tourism: socially
determined model of consumer behavior in the “Senior Tourism”.
segment. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 214, 845-851.
Oliveira, S., Leal, S., Vivas, C, Barradas, C., João, R., Jorge, N. …
Rodrigues, A. (2017). VOLTO JÁ: Programa de Intercâmbio Sénior, I'll Be
Right Back: Senior Exchange Program. Revista da UIIPS – Unidade de
Investigação do Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 5(2), 2017, 31-33.
Oliveira, S., Leal, S., Vivas, C., Nascimento, J., Barradas, L., São João, …
Ferreira, R. (2019). Projeto Volto Já: Programa de Intercâmbio Sénior.
Communication presented at I Congresso Internacional de Turismo
Sénior, 30 September – 1 October 2019, Universidade dos Açores,
Ponta Delgada.
Otoo, F., & Kim, S. (2018). Analysis of studies on the travel motivations
of senior tourists from 1980 to 2017: progress and future directions.
Current Issues in Tourism, 23(4), 393-417, doi:
1080/13683500.2018.1540560
Patterson, I., Balderas, A. (2020). Continuing and emerging trends of
senior tourism: a review of the literature. Population Ageing (13), 385–
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-018-9228-4
Patuelli, R & Nijkamp, P. (2016). Travel motivations of seniors: A review
and a meta-analytic. Tourism Economics. 22(4), 847–862.
Piedade, B. (2017). Social Pedagogy and Social Tourism: Interfaces,
Universidade Catolica de Moçambique. Retrieved 14.10.2020 from
http://reid.ucm.ac.mz/index.php/reid/article/view/199/160
Quan, S. & Wang, N. (2004). Towards a structural model of the tourist
experience: an illustration from food experiences in tourism. Tourism
Management, 25(3), 297-305.
Ridderstaat, J. (2015). Studies on Determinants of Tourism Demand
Dynamics in a Small Island Destination. Ph.D. thesis, VU University
Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Rodrigues, A., Correia, A., & Kozak, M. (2012). Exploring the life-cycle
model applied to ‘umbrella constructs’: destination image as an
example. Tourism Recreation Research, 37 (2), 133-143.
Rodrigues, A., Amaral, M., & Diniz, A. (2020). A framework for
developing tourism packages and experiences in senior tourism.
Communication presented at 1st International Conference on
Management, Technology, and Tourism: Social Value Creation, 6-7
February 2020, Book of Proceedings. Retrieved 14.10.2020 from
https://repositorio.ipsantarem.pt/bitstream/10400.15/2833/1/ICOMT
T2020_BOOK%20OF%20ABSTRACTS_vers%C3%A3o%20final.pdf#page
=23
Saldaña, J. (2009) The coding manual for qualitative researchers.
London, Sage.
Sedgley, D., Pritchard, A., & Morgan, N. J. (2011). Tourism and ageing: a
transformative research agenda. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2),
-436.
Silva, N. (2018). Turismo social: uma oportunidade para as entidades da
economia social. Jornal de Negócios, retrieved 14.10.2020 from
Tomka, D., Holodkov, V., & Andjelkovi?, I. (2015). Quality of life as a
travel motivational factors of senior tourists – results of research in Novi
Sad. Indormatol, 4(1-2), 62-70.
Vaughan, D.R., & Edwards, J.R. (1999). Experiential perceptions of two
winter sun destinations: The Algarve and Cyprus. Journal of Vacation
Marketing, 5(4), 356-368.
Yin, R. K. (2002). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand
Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Tourism & Management Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The journal retains published articles’ copyrights, but they are simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND), which allows individuals’ to share the relevant papers as long as authorship and publication in this journal are duly acknowledged.
